In addition to these common epicuticular wax constituents several triterpenoids and benzoic acid esters were found. Evaluation of epicuticular wax removal from whole leaves with. These complex mixtures are amenable to modern microchromatographic and microspectrometric analytical procedures. Changes in the amount, chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular wax in relation to rindstaining and peel pitting of fortune mandarin fruits from trees grafted on different rootstocks and growing in different locations in the.
Characterization and chemical composition of epicuticular. The objectives of this study were to evaluate peanut arachis hypogaea l. H16 was the most prevalent wax on the foliage of all accessions except glossy b9885 tables 2 and 3 and ranged from 21% to 71% of the total epicuticular wax. Coiled rodlets and tubules chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes. The wax contains a wide range of organic compounds. Chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular. Degradation of the epicuticular waxes, which appears as a fusion of wax tubes in the epistomatal chambers and finally results in an amorphous appearance of the waxes, is the most common micromorphological injury type observed in studies on the genera abies, larix, picea, and pinus. Epicuticular waxes from various organs of cistus albidus l. These layers differ in their structure, chemical composition and mechanical properties, and they reduce.
Plant epicuticular wax is a mixture of primarily longchain aliphatic compounds. When the plant specimen is removed, the epicuticular wax remains embedded in the frozen liquid. Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy afmir was utilized to investigate the internal and external surfaces of the cuticle of sorghum bicolor, an important droughttolerant cereal, forage, and highbiomass crop. Screening of a large number of sorghum genotypes for increased leaf epicuticular wax content, utilizing the available gravimetric method, is impractical. Ch 2 bands is the epicuticular wax, rather than the intracuticular wax. Correlations between epicuticular wax structures and. Epicuticular waxes are partially saturated lipid compounds located on the aboveground portions of land plant postbeittenmiller, 1996. Sep 02, 2011 epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of clcuv. Composition and physiological function of the wax layers. Water, unable to wet the cuticle, beads up and runs off, carrying dust and soluble contamination with it. This information contributes to the understanding of the tolerance of agaves to different types of stress. In very young, still expanding, leaves characteristic patterns of aliphatic.
Epicuticular waxes are visible as bluish coverings on several fruit surfaces such as plum left and grapes right. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on macaranga euphorbiaceae antplants article pdf available in chemoecology 101. Epicuticular wax was analyzed on regenerated shoots and plants as well as seedlings and market plants of allium porrum l. Leaf cuticular wax, a trait for multiple stress resistance in. But most strikingly the wax deficient gawm3 mutant plants which contain 50% less than g. Chemical composition and physical properties of four commercial waxes 57 figure 1. Fungal hyphae were observed on top of epicuticular wax crystals and emerging from stomatal pores. Crop science abstract a rapid colorimetric method for. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition and concentration varied dramatically among species, with the highest level of 1. Morphology and accumulation of epicuticular wax on needles of. The epicuticular wax load ewl on leaves reduces surface transpiration and thus improves crop water use efficiency. The structural and functional roles of leaf epicuticular waxes along with their.
This deposit is believed to play a major part in such phenomena as the water balance of plants and the behavior of agricultural sprays. This investigation attempts to clarify the poorly understood relationships between epicuticular wax chemicals and structures by correlating the diversity of chemical compositions and structures in wildtype and epicuticular wax mutants of arabidopsis thaliana. The main functions of the epicuticular wax are to decrease surface wetting and moisture loss. Wax effects on esterase induction from the germinating conidia were also investigated. Amounts and types of epicuticular leaf waxes among onion. Molecular genetics of epicuticular wax biosynthesis. Characterizing the molecular composition of epicuticular.
Variation in amount and elemental composition of epicuticular. Direct access to plant epicuticular wax crystals by a new. Across cultivars, wax mass ranged from 366 to 1038. Similar procedures for whatman paper impregnation were followed with the nalkane fraction, hentriacontan16one, ursolic acid, lupeol and epifriedelinol, which correspond to the main constituents of the foliar epicuticular waxes of z. The arabidopsis book american society of plant biologists. Developmental changes in composition and morphology of cuticular waxes on leaves and spikes of glossy and. Gcms metabolomics to evaluate the composition of plant. Knowledge of the physical and chemical interactions of the virus with the morphology and chemistry of the fresh vegetable leaf and tomato is required for effective prevention of viral contamination and effective produce. An aqueous adhesive of gum arabic was employed to selectively sample the epicuticular wax layer on pea leaves and hence to analyze the composition of epicuticular crystals exposed at the outermost surface of.
These complex mixtures are amenable to modern microchromatographic. The aim of the present study is to compare the structure of the epicuticular wax of norway spruce in different parts of estonia and to analyse the use of wax structure as an indicator of the air pollu. Statistical analysis of the photodegradation of imazethapyr. Terrestrial plant leaves are covered by a hydrophobic barrier to protect against the loss of water.
Effects of chemical drying agents on the fine structure of. Composition differences between epicuticular and intracuticular wax. Effect of water stress on the epicuticular wax composition and. Epicuticular wax is deposited on the surface of the cuticle and other waxes are embedded within the cutin matrix of the cuticle. The inner layer is composed of cutin, long chain alkyl ketones, alcohols, embedded wax and closest to the cells, polysaccharides. Cuticular wax is a complex of compounds that imparts much of the physicochemical characteristics to the cuticle. Genetic studies indicate that a very large number of genes are involved in wax production. Pdf chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax. If wax act act a barrier than, the damage of clcuv on cotton can be overcome by by increasing the wax content. Role of epicuticular waxes in the susceptibility of gossypium arboreum cotton to clcuv paperback september 2, 2011 by muhammad azmat ullah khan author, dr. As per recent studies, intracuticular waxes form the primary transpirational barrier and the contribution of epi cuticular waxes as a transpirational barrier depends on the speciesspecific cuticle composition 28.
Tullberg and angus 1978 reported that treatment of alfalfa with k. The waxes coating the upper and lower leaf surfaces had distinct compositions. Primary alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids, and alkyl esters. Wax esters and 5alcohols form the other major components. It is organ and tissuespecific in terms of composition. In this preliminary study, epicuticular wax has been extracted from the leaves of calotropis procera and alstonia scholaris using various solvents i.
Epicuticular definition and meaning collins english dictionary. The external surface of the higher plants comprises a cuticular layer covered by a waxy deposit. Moreover, within the adaxial wax, the epicuticular layer contained more wax and a higher relative quantity of alkanes, whereas the intracuticular wax had a higher percentage of alcohols. Do white spruce epicuticular wax monoterpenes follow foliar. Composition of the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on. Tulloch ap 1976b epicuticular wax of agropyron smithii leaves. The chemical composition of epicuticular wax from cabbage plants grown in vitro was compared with that from plants grown in a greenhouse. Viruses have been identified as the source of a number of disease outbreaks associated with the consumption of fresh produce.
The ultrastructure, chemistry, and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes of nine species were investigated by high resolution scanning electron microscopy, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. Chemically, it consists of hydrophobic organic compounds, mainly straightchain aliphatic hydrocarbons with a variety of substituted functional groups. The leaf blade and glume are comprised primarily of alcohol monomers, whereas the leaf sheath is comprised of diketones zhang et al. Composite structure of the crystalline epicuticular wax. Epicuticular waxes from caatinga and cerrado species and. The main functions of the epicuticular wax are to decrease. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five different species and hybrid interspecies. Evaluation of epicuticular wax removal from whole leaves. Wax mass decreased during the 30 days before harvest. Nanoscale structural organization of plant epicuticular wax. In the present study, the compositions and micromorphologies of the wax crystals of five nepenthes species and hybrids were analysed in order to test whether the chemical principles underlying this ecological. The rate of erosion correlates well with the level of air.
It may form a whitish film or bloom on leaves, fruits and other plant organs. The epicuticular wax ew layer that coats the outer surface of plants is composed of a variety of long chain length hydrocarbons. A total of 146 epicuticular wax compounds were detected, and the wax composition. These results suggest a correlation between the total epicuticular wax content, the chemical composition of the wax, the ploidy level and the type of habitat in which they grow. Composition of epicuticular wax on isocoma leaves botanical. Here, we dissected the epicuticular wax concentration, composition and structure of mature fruits from 35 pear cultivars belonging to five. The wax amounts and composition determined by total wax extraction from the adaxial side was used as a reference value for the subsequent investigations, which employed adhesive stripping to sample the epicuticular wax followed by chloroform extraction of the intracuticular wax. Cyclic wax constituents, such as triterpenoids and alkylresorcinols, preferentially or entirely accumulate within the intracuticular layer.
Epicuticular wax on leek in vitro developmental stages and. B radiation on epicuticular wax production and chemical composition of four picea species. The chemical composition of waxes varies by species. Organ specific composition of epicuticular waxes of cistus. Nepenthes is covered with a thick layer of epicuticular wax. Wax composition varies with crop species and differs in their functions and responses to biotic and abiotic environments.
Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of clcuv. Chemical composition and crystal morphology of epicuticular wax. Ijms free fulltext interaction of plant epicuticular. Euphorbia aphylla, epicuticular wax composition, triterpenols, triterpenones, triterpenol esters quantity and composition of epicuticular wax of euphorbia aphylla were examined. This selfcleaning property is variously called ultrahydrophobicity or ultralyophobicity in technical journals. Among the constituents, lipids are dominant in terms of weight and the two major classes are insoluble high molecular weight polyester. Molecular and biochemical characterization of cotton.
Epicuticular leaf waxes of citrus halimii stone journal of. An evaluation of fruit wax components will provide us with valuable information for pear breeding and enhancing fruit quality. Leaf blade epicuticular wax composition changes over the course of developmental time. Cornelius lutz, ulrich heinzmann, paulgerhard gulz. Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission. Epicuticular wax deposition on sorghum sorghum bicolor l. The cuticles of the majority of higher plants are covered with epicuticular wax secretions. Surface structures and epicuticular wax composition of spruce needles after longterm treatment with ozone and acid mist. The two major constituents of cuticles are wax and cutin juniper and jeffree, 1983.
Developing hydrophobic paper as a packaging material using. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax. Composition and variability of epicuticular waxes in apple. Three different techniques were applied to elucidate structurefunction relationships of epicuticular wax.
Cuticular wax, wax composition, drought tolerance, wax biosyntheses. Epicuticular wax is a coating of wax covering the outer surface of the plant cuticle in land plants. Leaf wax contained homologous series of very long chained and saturated wax components, such as hydrocarbons, wax esters, fatty acids and alcohols. Peanut genotypes were grown in fields in two dry seasons 2000 and 2001 and. Epicuticular wax analysis of wild and agronomically important. Therefore, the aim of the present research was to study the defence mechanism of. Abaxial wax composition the epicuticular and intracuticular wax coverages were 10 1 gcm2 and 8 2 gcm2, respectively fig. The properties of the wax amount, c and o contents varied according to natural environmental factors such as altitude and exposure to volcanic acidic gases such as h 2 s, as well as branch height and leaf. Hunashikatti c, ajitha rekha d and pandurangaiah shilpa a. The wax contained rtalkanes, wax esters, aldehydes, fatty acids and primary alcohols. Wheat leaf and stem surface waxes are associated with traits of biological importance, including stress resistance.
Jul 01, 2000 chemical composition and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes. The wax contained the common lipid components alkanes, wax esters, pr. Original article characterization and chemical composition of epicuticular wax from banana leaves grown in northern thailand suporn charumanee1, songwut yotsawimonwat 1, panee sirisaard 1, and kiatisak pholsongkram2 1 department of pharmaceutical sciences, faculty of pharmacy, chiang mai university, mueang, chiang mai, 50200 thailand. Nowadays, with the development of more selective preparation techniques, the understanding of the epicuticular wax chemistry and the molecular architecture of single wax sculptures is advancing see coherence between wax chemical composition and morphology. Epicuticular wax as a mechanical barrier in transmission of.
Kolattukudy pe 1970 composition of the surface lipids of pea leaves pisunt. Past studies have characterized the composition of wheat cuticular waxes, however protocols can be relatively lowthroughput and narrow in the range of. This slippery zone is reported to play a crucial role in animal trapping and prey retention. Epicuticular wax on cherry laurel prunus laurocerasus. A new method for the isolation of wax crystals from plant surfaces is presented. Alkane composition cuticular wax is very specific in nature. All field work was completed in one day at great sippewissett salt marsh in falmouth, massachusetts. Considering the typical thickness of epicuticular wax 50375 nm buschhaus and jetter 2011, pmirras probed the region of the b. Epicuticular wax and volatiles of kigelia pinnata leaf extract. The composition of epicuticular wax composition varies on the tissue level. There was a greater percentage of polar compounds fatty acids, primary alcohols, aldehydes, and esters and less alkanes and secondary alcohols in wax from cultured plants relative to those from greenhouse plants. Epicuticular wax lipid composition of endemic european. The total isolated wax from each plant was converted into. Quantity and composition of epicuticular leaf wax of euphorbia dendroides l.
The slippery zone situated below the peristome inside pitchers of most carnivorous plants from the genus nepenthes is covered with a thick layer of epicuticular wax. Determination of biochemical composition of epicuticular wax gas chromatograph mass spectrometry. Chemical composition of the slippery epicuticular wax blooms on macaranga euphorbiaceae antplants. The epicuticular waxes of vascular plants are both chemically and structurally diverse. Chemical composition of epicuticular wax in cabbage plants. Alkane nov 16, 2006 plants of the carnivorous genus nepenthes efficiently trap insects in leaf pitchers, mostly employing epicuticular wax crystals on the pitcher walls to make them slippery for the prey.
The epicuticular waxes ew of leaves, bracts, and bolls of cotton gossypium hirsutum l. The extraction and fractionation of waxes from biomass. Over the past decades, systematically relevant information on structure and composition of the plant cuticle based on sem studies have been published survey in barthlott 1990. Subsequent results and figures will refer to epicuticular and intracuticular wax for wax obtained by gum arabic ga treatment and chloroform chcl3 extraction respectively.
Epicuticular and intracuticular waxes from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves of kalanchoe daigremontiana were analyzed. There is an urgent need for a biodegradable, hydrophobic material that can be used in developing packaging materials. Composition of cuticular wax on the leaves of kalanchoe. Epicuticular wax content in the leaves of cabbage brassica. But this second assumption has repeatedly been challenged by studies that showed compositional gradients between. Cuticular wax composition of stems and leaves of arabidopsis thaliana ecotype.
Wax composition of five other solanaceous plants, viz. Part of the modern methods of plant analysis book series molmethplant. Isolation and recrystallization of epicuticular waxes from. Composition of the total wax mixture and the epicuticular and intracuticular wax layers on adaxial surfaces of rosa canina leaves. Coiled rodlets and tubules meusel, i neinhuis, c markstadter, c barthlott, w. Wax that covers the cutin matrix is referred to as epicuticular wax, and wax that is found within the cutin matrix is referred to as embedded wax 6, 11. Epicuticular wax morphology and composition are related to. In all the species investigated the leaf epicuticular wax composition was found to be largely dependent on leaf age. The chemical composition of the epicuticular wax with the high content of nonacosanediols leads to the growth of a dense layer of very small wax tubules with a permanently hydrophobic surface. Chemical composition and morphology of epicuticular waxes from. Correlations between epicuticular wax structures and chemical. Epicuticular wax covering the cuticle of a leaf of hosta sieboldiana makes it hydrophobic. Probing the molecular structure and orientation of the leaf.
Frontiers chemical composition and crystal morphology of. Variation in epicuticular wax accumulation, composition, and nanoscale structural organization impacts its biological function. Epicuticular wax, stomatal wax, morphology, douglasfir, pseudotsuga menziesii var. The unique combination of these properties provides the lotus leaves with unrivaled superhydrophobicity and selfcleaning properties as an effective. Through ultravioletvisible uvvis and fluorescence spectroscopy, epicuticular wax characteristics of soybean and corn plants were explored, were used to confirm observations determined statistically, and explain correlations between the rate constants and the composition of the epicuticular waxes.
625 410 843 717 1008 805 879 92 309 1357 602 842 557 482 1231 1491 10 506 844 65 84 1295 151 710 753 686 1234 576 378 634 589 1491